帝陵條例

Ⅰ 吉林省高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬保護管理條例

第一條為了加強省內被列為世界文化遺產的高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬的保護和管理，保持其歷史風貌和真實性、完整性，根據《中華人民共和國文物保護法》和有關法律、法規，結合本省實際，制定本條例。第二條在高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬保護范圍和控制地帶內從事保護管理、生產生活、經營服務、旅遊開發、參觀考察等活動的單位和個人，應當遵守本條例。第三條高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬的保護范圍，是指對文物保護對象及周圍一定范圍實施重點保護的區域；建設控制地帶，是指在保護范圍外，為保護高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬的安全、環境和歷史風貌，對建設項目加以限制的區域。

保護范圍由省人民政府劃定並公布；建設控制地帶經省人民政府批准，由省人民政府文物行政主管部門會同城鄉規劃行政主管部門劃定並公布。第四條高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬的保護和管理，堅持保護為主、搶救第一、合理利用、加強管理的方針。第五條省人民政府統一領導高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬的保護、管理工作；組織有關部門和通化市、集安市人民政府編制保護規劃，報國務院文物行政主管部門審定後公布；協調、解決保護和管理工作中的重大問題。第六條省人民政府文物行政主管部門依法開展對高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬的保護、監督和管理工作。第七條通化市人民政府和集安市人民政府應當加強對高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬的保護和管理，並將其納入當地國民經濟和社會發展規劃。集安市人民政府具體組織實施保護規劃。第八條集安市人民政府文物行政主管部門具體負責高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬的日常保護、管理工作。主要職責是：
（一）開展文物資源調查、監測、評價、登記；
（二）依法制定管理制度，組織落實保護措施；
（三）文物保護、管理的執法工作；
（四）加強文物保護技術的研究與應用；
（五）組織與文物相關的歷史、文化、風俗等研究；
（六）加強保護范圍和建設控制地帶內基礎設施的管理和維護工作；
（七）改善游覽、展示條件；
（八）負責與日常保護、管理有關的其他事項。第九條省人民政府、通化市人民政府和集安市人民政府有關部門依照各自的職責，依法做好與高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬保護、管理相關的工作。第十條高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬的下列文物為保護對象：

（一）高句麗王城2座：丸都山城、國內城；

（二）高句麗王陵12座：將軍墳（YM0001號）、太王陵（YM0541號）、千秋墓（MM1000號）、西大墓（MM0500號）、臨江墓（YM0043號）、YM2110號、YM0992號、MM0626號、MM2100號、MM2378號、QM0211號、QM0871號；

（三）高句麗貴族墓葬27座：長川一號墓（CM001號）、長川二號墓（CM002號）、長川四號墓（CM004號）、冉牟墓（XM001號）、環紋墓（XM033號）、將軍墳一號陪墳（YM0002號）、馬槽墓（YM1894號）、散蓮花墓（YM1896號）、YM2112號、五盔墳1號墓（YM2101號）、五盔墳2號墓（YM2102號）、五盔墳3號墓（YM2103號）、五盔墳4號墓（YM2104號）、五盔墳5號墓（YM2105號）、四盔墳1號墓（YM2106號）、四盔墳2號墓（YM2107號）、四盔墳3號墓（YM2108號）、四盔墳4號墓（YM2109號）、四神墓（YM號）、YM3319號、王字墓（SM0332號）、折天井墓（SM1298號）、兄墓（SM0635號）、弟墓（SM0636號）、龜甲墓（SM1204號）、角觝墓（YM0457號）、舞踴墓（YM0458號）；

（四）高句麗碑碣1通：好太王碑；

（五）保護范圍和控制地帶內埋藏的與高句麗有關的和其他具有歷史、藝術、科學價值的文物。第十一條高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬屬國家所有，任何單位和個人不得非法挖掘、佔有，不得轉讓、抵押，不得作為企業資產經營。

任何單位和個人都有保護高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬的義務，對損害、破壞其文物和歷史風貌、環境的行為有權阻止、舉報。

鼓勵單位和個人將合法收藏的與高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬有關的文物捐贈給國家。第十二條高句麗王城、王陵及貴族墓葬的管理人員實行持證上崗制度。保護、管理工作主要負責人應當取得國務院文物行政主管部門頒發的資格證書。

省人民政府文物行政主管部門應當定期組織保護、管理人員進行崗位培訓。

Ⅱ 秦始皇陵有沒有守陵人

秦始皇陵當然有守陵人，除了歷代王朝派人守護皇陵外，秦始皇還有一萬多名兵馬俑在守護皇陵；現在成立的秦始皇陵風景區也相當於皇陵的守陵機構。劉邦當了皇帝後，發現秦始皇已經絕後了，為了籠絡秦人，他就派了二十戶人專門去守護秦始皇陵；《史記.高祖本紀》中記載為：高祖曰：秦始皇帝、楚隱王陳涉、魏安厘王、齊緡王、趙悼襄王皆絕無後，予守冢各十家，秦皇帝二十家，魏公子無忌五家。之後各朝各代的統治者都沿襲漢高祖的定製，安排人給秦始皇帝守陵；楚隱王陳涉、魏安厘王、齊緡王、趙悼襄王、魏公子無忌則沒有這樣的待遇。

網上流傳著秦始皇的一段遺命，這也是秦始皇陵被世人尊重和保護的一個原因。原文：朕統六國，天下歸一，築長城以鎮九州龍脈，衛我大秦、護我社稷。朕以始皇之名在此立誓！朕在，當守土開疆，掃平四夷，定我大秦萬世之基！朕亡，亦將身化龍魂，佑我華夏永世不衰！此誓，日月為證，天地共鑒，仙魔鬼神共聽之！這段話是《大話秦始皇》里的句子，是這本書的作者編寫的，反應出了中國人對秦始皇的崇拜之情。秦皇陵作為中國的龍脈，受到了歷代政府的保護，連民間的盜墓賊也不去盜竊皇陵。

Ⅲ 如何保護皇陵

1 sets up science's as far as the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum protects a guiding ideology of job. Everything sets off from Qin Shi Huang mausoleum reality , the characteristic knowing this world cultural heritage all round, takes directing on Qin Shi Huang mausoleum protection as all premises developing the basic building. This once guides thought , need to the history archaeology cultural relic , society economic growth , natural resources environment , the communications construction touring pass, after many-sided sufficient expert demonstration, become the strategy guiding ideology increasing effectiveness for a given period of time. 2 special legislation protection. Now available "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics ", the mausoleum protection job has guiding significance to First Emperor of Qin , having it only is insufficient but. The local government should take this as basis , work out out the law and regulation regulation being more concrete with a view of local reality, the protection job using the First Emperor of Qin mausoleum has on walking specifically for operation legal institutions orbit but. After new "Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics " is published, Gansu Province face to face list in special item of World Heritage List legislation, have worked out "Gansu Province Mo Kao Grotto at Dunhuang protection regulation ". This once resorts to magic arts being worth drawing lessons. 3 unites the plan and administration. Article 16 makes regulation clear in 2002 "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics " , ring the period of the town and country construction being in progress plans , must bring preservation of cultural relics unit into among them, from the law angle has stipulated that town and country construction plans branch protection cultural relic responsibility. But, new "Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics " may ignore a such problem: Oneself also must have the unified plan and administration as cultural relic branch to some large-scale ruin cultural relic unit protection , this angle ought to comply with law at all ascertains that down. The cultural relic is one kind of peculiar non-renewable resources , does not have the unified plan and administration , is that science far from being protection and exploitation make use of. "Historical Records" the mausoleum recorded , built in that very year First Emperor of Qin has certain "regulations" but leans on, protect it today also ought to have corresponding "art of composition" but follow. The management system cutting up the links among departments and regions must break , it is harmful for First Emperor of Qin mausoleum to protect the unified plan and administration working. The first several years two highways build happened traversing through Qin Shi Huang mausoleum area , the floor having destroyed mausoleum area's directly builds a ruin, overall landscape having hindered mausoleum area. Say from some on species significance this is inevitable evil consequence being engaged in the plan and administration developing the nature construction insufficiency unification in mausoleum area. The disaster removes it's harmful effects very much after this aspect takes form in a single day, enormous bringing about manpower and material resources, financial resources inevitably wastes, how can not cut one to the heart. Because this , the author are bold assume that: Have set up SEZ in former days in order developing the economy, today is to protect world inheritance , why don't set up a cultural relic special administrative region? Protection world inheritance also needs to have "be bold to practise land under heaven first " pioneering spirit. 4 takes Qin Shi Huang mausoleum science archaeological work seriously and carries out according to plan. The Qin Shi Huang mausoleum is the ruin world inheritance , archaeological work and it have peculiar relation. The primo , the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum can be affirmed that for world inheritance , carry out although depending on own culture connotation, if not having archaeological work's, people cannot only be capable to do the connotation knowing it's rich culture, so it cannot be therefore likely become world inheritance. It can be seen that archaeological work and the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum have very important relation. Secondly, protect range size , Qin Shi Huang mausoleum needs to feel it out culture connotation , these achievement all being dependent on Qin Ling area archaeological investigation , directness enearth and studying, this is all flexible Qin Shi Huang mausoleum area bases. Moreover, protect the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum , build the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum ruin park, need the culture bringing a ruin to light according to plan connotation, but how, to bring the number , opportunity to light , bring to light how assurance, be worth it pondering deeply. 5 relevant according to 2002 "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics " regulation, mausoleum classification marks area protection to Qin Shi Huang. Can be such concretely compose: The mausoleum transfers with Qin Shi Huang within the outer city for first class protected area. Area transfers with making clear that culture loses extensiveness existing outside the outer city having Qin in order the two stage protects area. The close confinement one, two steps of protected area inner tyre has destroying the sex instry. 1000 meters of (concrete number are still not bad outside two stage protected area to external stretching discuss that), look on this belt as the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum ruin area transition belt to procing utility area , be that so-called "construction controls the zone " , priority afforestation , build a fine environment all around. The author believes under the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum periphery boundary sign is at present no very clear situation, such "construction controls a zone " exactly being to protect the weak link location working at present , many destroy the nature activity exactly being to happen in people's imperceptible. This talks on the angle therefore secondary, the primo ought to emphasize a sharpening "building the job controlling the protection within the zone " at present. As for the south side being in the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum, be to be able to think with Li Shan afforestation , realize mountains and rivers elegant target. The First Emperor of Qin mausoleum is to consider an environmental factor's when building, therefore protecting its environment problem also ought to pay attention to it's periphery today. That the two stage protects with regard to at present once, factory , enterprise , school , peasant household within area etc., is to need to realize migration as soon as possible, flexible occurrence destroying nature in order to eliminating the protected area inner. 6 inherit a little tradition protecting the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum ring the past 1000, area tree planting afforests in the mausoleum, the form which species cultivating a quilt or which adopt to choose certainly concretely is appropriate to be able to, discuss that. That 7 strengthens investing , makes clear that central authority , the place continue investing in proportion portion, makes that become country usualness investment. Finance facing society active (society all sections of the people composes in reply group's contributing including accepting home and abroad). Under first principle of protection, strive for cultural relic cause self "hematopoiesis" function. Demonstration 8 concrete protection scheme must science pass as must ask for the general public idea broadly. The what be adopted method , technology must mature , be able to stand the time checkout , prevent from bringing about destroying to the cultural relic because of protecting method and the technology defect.
意思： 1．樹立科學的關於秦始皇陵保護工作的指導思想。一切從秦始皇陵的實際出發，全面認識這份世界文化遺產的特點，把對秦始皇陵的保護作為一切開發建設的基本前提。這一指導思想，要經過歷史考古文物、社會經濟發展、自然資源環境、旅遊交通建設，等多方面專家充分論證，成為長時效的戰略性指導思想。

2．專門立法保護。現有的《中華人民共和國文物保護法》，對於秦始皇帝陵的保護工作具有指導意義，但是僅僅有它是不夠的。地方政府還應以此為基礎，結合地方實際情況制定出更為具體的法規條例，使秦始皇帝陵的保護工作走上有針對的，可操作的法制軌道。新的《文物保護法》出台後，甘肅省對列入世界文化遺產名錄專項立法，制定了《甘肅省敦煌莫高窟保護條例》。這一作法值得借鑒。

3．統一規劃與管理。2002年《中華人民共和國文物保護法》第十六條明確規定，在進行城鄉建設規劃時，必須把文物保護單位納入其中，從法律的角度規定了城鄉建設規劃部門保護文物的責任。但是新的《文物保護法》可能忽視了這樣一個問題：作為文物部門自身對一些大型遺址性文物單位的保護也必須有統一的規劃與管理，這一點也應該從法律的角度確定下來。文物是一種特殊的不可再生資源，沒有統一的規劃與管理，是談不上科學的保護與開發利用的。《史記》記載，當年修建秦始皇帝陵有一定的「章程」可依，今天保護它也理應有相應的「章法」可循。條塊分割的管理體制必須打破，它不利於秦始皇帝陵保護工作的統一規劃與管理。前幾年之所以發生了兩條公路建設橫穿秦始皇陵區，直接破壞了陵區的地面建築遺址，妨礙了陵區的整體景觀。從某種意義上說，這是在陵區搞開發性建設缺乏統一規劃與管理的必然惡果。這種局面一旦形成，以後很難消除其不良影響，必然造成人力、物力、財力的巨大浪費，怎能不令人痛心。鑒於此，筆者大膽設想：昔日為發展經濟設立了經濟特區，今日為保護世界遺產，何不設立一個文物特區？保護世界遺產也需要有「敢為天下先」的開拓精神。

4．重視並有計劃地開展秦始皇陵的科學考古工作。秦始皇陵是遺址性的世界遺產，考古工作與它有著特殊的關系。首先，秦始皇陵之所以能被確認為世界遺產，雖然取決於其自身的文化內涵,但是如果沒有考古工作的開展,人們就不會認識其豐富的文化內涵,那麼它就不會成為世界遺產。可見，考古工作與秦始皇陵有著十分重要的關系。其次，保護秦始皇陵需要摸清它的范圍大小，文化內涵，這些都依賴於秦陵地區的考古調查、發掘和研究的直接成果，這是秦始皇陵地區一切活動的基礎。再者，保護秦始皇陵，建設秦始皇陵遺址公園，需要有計劃地揭露遺址的文化內涵，但如何揭露，揭露多少，時機如何把握，都值得認真思考。

5．按照2002年《中華人民共和國文物保護法》的有關規定，對秦始皇陵分級劃區保護。具體可以這樣做：將秦始皇陵外城以內劃為一級保護區。將外城以外明確有秦文化遺存的廣大區域劃為二級保護區。嚴格限制一、二級保護區內帶有破壞性的生產活動。在二級保護區以外再向外延伸1000米（具體多少可以討論），將這一地帶作為秦始皇陵遺址區向生產生活區的過渡地帶，即所謂的「建設控制地帶」，重點綠化，營造一個美好的周邊環境。筆者以為，在目前秦始皇陵周邊界標還不十分清楚的情況下，這樣的「建設控制地帶」正是目前保護工作的薄弱環節所在，許多破壞性活動正是在人們的不知不覺中發生的。所以，從這個角度上講，目前首先應該著重加強「建設控制地帶」內的保護工作。至於在秦始皇陵的南面，則可以考慮將驪山綠化，實現山川秀美目標。秦始皇帝陵在修建時是考慮環境因素的，所以今天保護它也應該注意其周邊的環境問題。對於目前一、二級保護區內的工廠、企業、學校、農戶等，則要盡快實現遷移，以根除保護區內破壞性活動的發生。

6．繼承幾千年來保護秦始皇陵的傳統，在陵區植樹綠化，當然具體選擇哪種植被或採用哪種形式合適，可以討論。

7．加大投資力度，明確中央、地方持續投資比例份額，使之成為國家經常性投資。積極地面向社會融資（包括接受國內外社會各界人士和團體的捐贈）。在保護第一的原則下，爭取文物事業本身的「造血」功能。

8．具體的保護方案必須廣泛徵求社會各界的意見，必須經過科學的論證。所採取的方法、技術必須成熟，經得起時間檢驗，防止因保護方法和技術缺陷而造成對文物的破壞。