帝陵条例

Ⅰ 吉林省高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬保护管理条例

第一条为了加强省内被列为世界文化遗产的高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬的保护和管理，保持其历史风貌和真实性、完整性，根据《中华人民共和国文物保护法》和有关法律、法规，结合本省实际，制定本条例。第二条在高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬保护范围和控制地带内从事保护管理、生产生活、经营服务、旅游开发、参观考察等活动的单位和个人，应当遵守本条例。第三条高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬的保护范围，是指对文物保护对象及周围一定范围实施重点保护的区域；建设控制地带，是指在保护范围外，为保护高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬的安全、环境和历史风貌，对建设项目加以限制的区域。

保护范围由省人民政府划定并公布；建设控制地带经省人民政府批准，由省人民政府文物行政主管部门会同城乡规划行政主管部门划定并公布。第四条高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬的保护和管理，坚持保护为主、抢救第一、合理利用、加强管理的方针。第五条省人民政府统一领导高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬的保护、管理工作；组织有关部门和通化市、集安市人民政府编制保护规划，报国务院文物行政主管部门审定后公布；协调、解决保护和管理工作中的重大问题。第六条省人民政府文物行政主管部门依法开展对高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬的保护、监督和管理工作。第七条通化市人民政府和集安市人民政府应当加强对高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬的保护和管理，并将其纳入当地国民经济和社会发展规划。集安市人民政府具体组织实施保护规划。第八条集安市人民政府文物行政主管部门具体负责高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬的日常保护、管理工作。主要职责是：
（一）开展文物资源调查、监测、评价、登记；
（二）依法制定管理制度，组织落实保护措施；
（三）文物保护、管理的执法工作；
（四）加强文物保护技术的研究与应用；
（五）组织与文物相关的历史、文化、风俗等研究；
（六）加强保护范围和建设控制地带内基础设施的管理和维护工作；
（七）改善游览、展示条件；
（八）负责与日常保护、管理有关的其他事项。第九条省人民政府、通化市人民政府和集安市人民政府有关部门依照各自的职责，依法做好与高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬保护、管理相关的工作。第十条高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬的下列文物为保护对象：

（一）高句丽王城2座：丸都山城、国内城；

（二）高句丽王陵12座：将军坟（YM0001号）、太王陵（YM0541号）、千秋墓（MM1000号）、西大墓（MM0500号）、临江墓（YM0043号）、YM2110号、YM0992号、MM0626号、MM2100号、MM2378号、QM0211号、QM0871号；

（三）高句丽贵族墓葬27座：长川一号墓（CM001号）、长川二号墓（CM002号）、长川四号墓（CM004号）、冉牟墓（XM001号）、环纹墓（XM033号）、将军坟一号陪坟（YM0002号）、马槽墓（YM1894号）、散莲花墓（YM1896号）、YM2112号、五盔坟1号墓（YM2101号）、五盔坟2号墓（YM2102号）、五盔坟3号墓（YM2103号）、五盔坟4号墓（YM2104号）、五盔坟5号墓（YM2105号）、四盔坟1号墓（YM2106号）、四盔坟2号墓（YM2107号）、四盔坟3号墓（YM2108号）、四盔坟4号墓（YM2109号）、四神墓（YM号）、YM3319号、王字墓（SM0332号）、折天井墓（SM1298号）、兄墓（SM0635号）、弟墓（SM0636号）、龟甲墓（SM1204号）、角觝墓（YM0457号）、舞踊墓（YM0458号）；

（四）高句丽碑碣1通：好太王碑；

（五）保护范围和控制地带内埋藏的与高句丽有关的和其他具有历史、艺术、科学价值的文物。第十一条高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬属国家所有，任何单位和个人不得非法挖掘、占有，不得转让、抵押，不得作为企业资产经营。

任何单位和个人都有保护高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬的义务，对损害、破坏其文物和历史风貌、环境的行为有权阻止、举报。

鼓励单位和个人将合法收藏的与高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬有关的文物捐赠给国家。第十二条高句丽王城、王陵及贵族墓葬的管理人员实行持证上岗制度。保护、管理工作主要负责人应当取得国务院文物行政主管部门颁发的资格证书。

省人民政府文物行政主管部门应当定期组织保护、管理人员进行岗位培训。

Ⅱ 秦始皇陵有没有守陵人

秦始皇陵当然有守陵人，除了历代王朝派人守护皇陵外，秦始皇还有一万多名兵马俑在守护皇陵；现在成立的秦始皇陵风景区也相当于皇陵的守陵机构。刘邦当了皇帝后，发现秦始皇已经绝后了，为了笼络秦人，他就派了二十户人专门去守护秦始皇陵；《史记.高祖本纪》中记载为：高祖曰：秦始皇帝、楚隐王陈涉、魏安厘王、齐缗王、赵悼襄王皆绝无后，予守冢各十家，秦皇帝二十家，魏公子无忌五家。之后各朝各代的统治者都沿袭汉高祖的定制，安排人给秦始皇帝守陵；楚隐王陈涉、魏安厘王、齐缗王、赵悼襄王、魏公子无忌则没有这样的待遇。

网上流传着秦始皇的一段遗命，这也是秦始皇陵被世人尊重和保护的一个原因。原文：朕统六国，天下归一，筑长城以镇九州龙脉，卫我大秦、护我社稷。朕以始皇之名在此立誓！朕在，当守土开疆，扫平四夷，定我大秦万世之基！朕亡，亦将身化龙魂，佑我华夏永世不衰！此誓，日月为证，天地共鉴，仙魔鬼神共听之！这段话是《大话秦始皇》里的句子，是这本书的作者编写的，反应出了中国人对秦始皇的崇拜之情。秦皇陵作为中国的龙脉，受到了历代政府的保护，连民间的盗墓贼也不去盗窃皇陵。

Ⅲ 如何保护皇陵

1 sets up science's as far as the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum protects a guiding ideology of job. Everything sets off from Qin Shi Huang mausoleum reality , the characteristic knowing this world cultural heritage all round, takes directing on Qin Shi Huang mausoleum protection as all premises developing the basic building. This once guides thought , need to the history archaeology cultural relic , society economic growth , natural resources environment , the communications construction touring pass, after many-sided sufficient expert demonstration, become the strategy guiding ideology increasing effectiveness for a given period of time. 2 special legislation protection. Now available "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics ", the mausoleum protection job has guiding significance to First Emperor of Qin , having it only is insufficient but. The local government should take this as basis , work out out the law and regulation regulation being more concrete with a view of local reality, the protection job using the First Emperor of Qin mausoleum has on walking specifically for operation legal institutions orbit but. After new "Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics " is published, Gansu Province face to face list in special item of World Heritage List legislation, have worked out "Gansu Province Mo Kao Grotto at Dunhuang protection regulation ". This once resorts to magic arts being worth drawing lessons. 3 unites the plan and administration. Article 16 makes regulation clear in 2002 "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics " , ring the period of the town and country construction being in progress plans , must bring preservation of cultural relics unit into among them, from the law angle has stipulated that town and country construction plans branch protection cultural relic responsibility. But, new "Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics " may ignore a such problem: Oneself also must have the unified plan and administration as cultural relic branch to some large-scale ruin cultural relic unit protection , this angle ought to comply with law at all ascertains that down. The cultural relic is one kind of peculiar non-renewable resources , does not have the unified plan and administration , is that science far from being protection and exploitation make use of. "Historical Records" the mausoleum recorded , built in that very year First Emperor of Qin has certain "regulations" but leans on, protect it today also ought to have corresponding "art of composition" but follow. The management system cutting up the links among departments and regions must break , it is harmful for First Emperor of Qin mausoleum to protect the unified plan and administration working. The first several years two highways build happened traversing through Qin Shi Huang mausoleum area , the floor having destroyed mausoleum area's directly builds a ruin, overall landscape having hindered mausoleum area. Say from some on species significance this is inevitable evil consequence being engaged in the plan and administration developing the nature construction insufficiency unification in mausoleum area. The disaster removes it's harmful effects very much after this aspect takes form in a single day, enormous bringing about manpower and material resources, financial resources inevitably wastes, how can not cut one to the heart. Because this , the author are bold assume that: Have set up SEZ in former days in order developing the economy, today is to protect world inheritance , why don't set up a cultural relic special administrative region? Protection world inheritance also needs to have "be bold to practise land under heaven first " pioneering spirit. 4 takes Qin Shi Huang mausoleum science archaeological work seriously and carries out according to plan. The Qin Shi Huang mausoleum is the ruin world inheritance , archaeological work and it have peculiar relation. The primo , the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum can be affirmed that for world inheritance , carry out although depending on own culture connotation, if not having archaeological work's, people cannot only be capable to do the connotation knowing it's rich culture, so it cannot be therefore likely become world inheritance. It can be seen that archaeological work and the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum have very important relation. Secondly, protect range size , Qin Shi Huang mausoleum needs to feel it out culture connotation , these achievement all being dependent on Qin Ling area archaeological investigation , directness enearth and studying, this is all flexible Qin Shi Huang mausoleum area bases. Moreover, protect the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum , build the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum ruin park, need the culture bringing a ruin to light according to plan connotation, but how, to bring the number , opportunity to light , bring to light how assurance, be worth it pondering deeply. 5 relevant according to 2002 "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics " regulation, mausoleum classification marks area protection to Qin Shi Huang. Can be such concretely compose: The mausoleum transfers with Qin Shi Huang within the outer city for first class protected area. Area transfers with making clear that culture loses extensiveness existing outside the outer city having Qin in order the two stage protects area. The close confinement one, two steps of protected area inner tyre has destroying the sex instry. 1000 meters of (concrete number are still not bad outside two stage protected area to external stretching discuss that), look on this belt as the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum ruin area transition belt to procing utility area , be that so-called "construction controls the zone " , priority afforestation , build a fine environment all around. The author believes under the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum periphery boundary sign is at present no very clear situation, such "construction controls a zone " exactly being to protect the weak link location working at present , many destroy the nature activity exactly being to happen in people's imperceptible. This talks on the angle therefore secondary, the primo ought to emphasize a sharpening "building the job controlling the protection within the zone " at present. As for the south side being in the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum, be to be able to think with Li Shan afforestation , realize mountains and rivers elegant target. The First Emperor of Qin mausoleum is to consider an environmental factor's when building, therefore protecting its environment problem also ought to pay attention to it's periphery today. That the two stage protects with regard to at present once, factory , enterprise , school , peasant household within area etc., is to need to realize migration as soon as possible, flexible occurrence destroying nature in order to eliminating the protected area inner. 6 inherit a little tradition protecting the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum ring the past 1000, area tree planting afforests in the mausoleum, the form which species cultivating a quilt or which adopt to choose certainly concretely is appropriate to be able to, discuss that. That 7 strengthens investing , makes clear that central authority , the place continue investing in proportion portion, makes that become country usualness investment. Finance facing society active (society all sections of the people composes in reply group's contributing including accepting home and abroad). Under first principle of protection, strive for cultural relic cause self "hematopoiesis" function. Demonstration 8 concrete protection scheme must science pass as must ask for the general public idea broadly. The what be adopted method , technology must mature , be able to stand the time checkout , prevent from bringing about destroying to the cultural relic because of protecting method and the technology defect.
意思： 1．树立科学的关于秦始皇陵保护工作的指导思想。一切从秦始皇陵的实际出发，全面认识这份世界文化遗产的特点，把对秦始皇陵的保护作为一切开发建设的基本前提。这一指导思想，要经过历史考古文物、社会经济发展、自然资源环境、旅游交通建设，等多方面专家充分论证，成为长时效的战略性指导思想。

2．专门立法保护。现有的《中华人民共和国文物保护法》，对于秦始皇帝陵的保护工作具有指导意义，但是仅仅有它是不够的。地方政府还应以此为基础，结合地方实际情况制定出更为具体的法规条例，使秦始皇帝陵的保护工作走上有针对的，可操作的法制轨道。新的《文物保护法》出台后，甘肃省对列入世界文化遗产名录专项立法，制定了《甘肃省敦煌莫高窟保护条例》。这一作法值得借鉴。

3．统一规划与管理。2002年《中华人民共和国文物保护法》第十六条明确规定，在进行城乡建设规划时，必须把文物保护单位纳入其中，从法律的角度规定了城乡建设规划部门保护文物的责任。但是新的《文物保护法》可能忽视了这样一个问题：作为文物部门自身对一些大型遗址性文物单位的保护也必须有统一的规划与管理，这一点也应该从法律的角度确定下来。文物是一种特殊的不可再生资源，没有统一的规划与管理，是谈不上科学的保护与开发利用的。《史记》记载，当年修建秦始皇帝陵有一定的“章程”可依，今天保护它也理应有相应的“章法”可循。条块分割的管理体制必须打破，它不利于秦始皇帝陵保护工作的统一规划与管理。前几年之所以发生了两条公路建设横穿秦始皇陵区，直接破坏了陵区的地面建筑遗址，妨碍了陵区的整体景观。从某种意义上说，这是在陵区搞开发性建设缺乏统一规划与管理的必然恶果。这种局面一旦形成，以后很难消除其不良影响，必然造成人力、物力、财力的巨大浪费，怎能不令人痛心。鉴于此，笔者大胆设想：昔日为发展经济设立了经济特区，今日为保护世界遗产，何不设立一个文物特区？保护世界遗产也需要有“敢为天下先”的开拓精神。

4．重视并有计划地开展秦始皇陵的科学考古工作。秦始皇陵是遗址性的世界遗产，考古工作与它有着特殊的关系。首先，秦始皇陵之所以能被确认为世界遗产，虽然取决于其自身的文化内涵,但是如果没有考古工作的开展,人们就不会认识其丰富的文化内涵,那么它就不会成为世界遗产。可见，考古工作与秦始皇陵有着十分重要的关系。其次，保护秦始皇陵需要摸清它的范围大小，文化内涵，这些都依赖于秦陵地区的考古调查、发掘和研究的直接成果，这是秦始皇陵地区一切活动的基础。再者，保护秦始皇陵，建设秦始皇陵遗址公园，需要有计划地揭露遗址的文化内涵，但如何揭露，揭露多少，时机如何把握，都值得认真思考。

5．按照2002年《中华人民共和国文物保护法》的有关规定，对秦始皇陵分级划区保护。具体可以这样做：将秦始皇陵外城以内划为一级保护区。将外城以外明确有秦文化遗存的广大区域划为二级保护区。严格限制一、二级保护区内带有破坏性的生产活动。在二级保护区以外再向外延伸1000米（具体多少可以讨论），将这一地带作为秦始皇陵遗址区向生产生活区的过渡地带，即所谓的“建设控制地带”，重点绿化，营造一个美好的周边环境。笔者以为，在目前秦始皇陵周边界标还不十分清楚的情况下，这样的“建设控制地带”正是目前保护工作的薄弱环节所在，许多破坏性活动正是在人们的不知不觉中发生的。所以，从这个角度上讲，目前首先应该着重加强“建设控制地带”内的保护工作。至于在秦始皇陵的南面，则可以考虑将骊山绿化，实现山川秀美目标。秦始皇帝陵在修建时是考虑环境因素的，所以今天保护它也应该注意其周边的环境问题。对于目前一、二级保护区内的工厂、企业、学校、农户等，则要尽快实现迁移，以根除保护区内破坏性活动的发生。

6．继承几千年来保护秦始皇陵的传统，在陵区植树绿化，当然具体选择哪种植被或采用哪种形式合适，可以讨论。

7．加大投资力度，明确中央、地方持续投资比例份额，使之成为国家经常性投资。积极地面向社会融资（包括接受国内外社会各界人士和团体的捐赠）。在保护第一的原则下，争取文物事业本身的“造血”功能。

8．具体的保护方案必须广泛征求社会各界的意见，必须经过科学的论证。所采取的方法、技术必须成熟，经得起时间检验，防止因保护方法和技术缺陷而造成对文物的破坏。